Similarities And Weaknesses Of Heraclitus And Parmenides

Heraclitus and Parmenides were two of the most influential and enigmatic of the Presocratic philosophers. Heraclitus argued for the idea that reality is impermanent, while Parmenides argued that reality is static. Parmenides also focused on using rationality to discern the nature of reality, as opposed to Heraclitus’ use of sensory experiences. They both argued for reality being one distinct thing, however there are differences between them in this idea of unity. Nietzsche s perspectivism is important in discussing the problems with either view as we should take the strengths and weakness of both into account to create a better understanding of the world. Parmenides of Elea was a prominent philosopher of the 5th century BCE who†¦show more content†¦This leaves us with what James Warren (2007) describes as an ‘unfamiliar reality which leaves no room for change, plurality, motion, difference, people, days or nights’. This idea of change being an illusion means that complete, objective and timeless knowledge exists that cannot be changed. This also allows for analysis as many things, such as analysing how bee colonies are organised and the functions within it require a focus on structure and commonality. This view was in dialectical opposition to Heraclitus of Ephesus, who argued that the world is in a constant state of flux. Heraclitus argues that there is a problem with people’s attachment to the illusion of permanence. Everything in the world will not stay the same, we can see this from the idea from Heraclitus that ‘it is not possible to step twice into the same river, according to Heraclitus, nor to touch mortal substance twice in any condition’ (Plutarch, 392B). Rivers are bodies of water that continually flows so that every second the water at a point in the river is not the same as it was before. The state of the physical world has never remained the same; mountains move over millions of years, a few billion years ago Earth could not sustain life, and even longer ago there were no solids, no liquids, only gases. Each moment can be said to die and be reborn in the next, so that change occurs every moment and it

Australia Based On The Doctrine Of Terra Nullius - 1416 Words

Introduction The Europeans settled in Australia based on the doctrine of terra nullius. This meant that they did not formally recognize the existing Indigenous Australians and their ancestral land. Subsequently, the Aboriginals and Torres Strait Islanders were excluded from matters concerning their ancestral land during the drafting of the Australian constitution. Thus, resulting in an Australian constitution that discriminated against its first peoples, their connection to the land, culture and laws. â€Å"The Indigenous people we subjugated to the laws and customs of England, the Australian constitution ignored claims to land and Indigenous sovereignty. They were also subject to discrimination that was formally written in the Australian constitution. This essay analyses the key issues that discriminate against indigenous Australians, and the various measures initiated to reconcile this relationship. Body In order to assess the level of the recognition required to reconcile the relationship, it is essential to examine how far the recognition should be extended to. In 1992, the High Court of Australia made a landmark ruling in Mabo . This overturned the doctrine of terra nullius, by identifying the existence of Indigenous peoples and their rights through Native Title. The Native Title Act recognized codified the common law precedent the following year. Overturning of the doctrine of terra nullius meant questions aboriginal sovereignty as the first peoples of the land.Show MoreRelatedLaw Reform on Native Title920 Words   |  4 Pagescontinuity in pre-colonisation societies with a distinct culture now a minority in society today†. Throughout history and times of colonization change has been seen in a plethora of ways. 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This inference is further evidenced by the legally binding operational framework assigned to the financial services industry and reflect ed in the codes of practice that also guide it. While no system is completely perfect the ALS is designed with the aim to provide fairness and justice. To this extent, it can be said that the ALS is based on fairness and justice. In contrast it could also be argued thatRead More Ill Health Rates of Indigenous Australians 2036 Words   |  9 Pagesget the context of Aboriginal health. This is why we need to explore in further detail what events could have created such inequities in Aboriginal health. 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Non Violence and Will Power Free Essays

Non-violence and Willpower Why does an individual indulge in violence? This question has great importance for one who practices non-violence. Its answer compels us to probe the unconscious. We discover there what psychologists call a repressed desire that drives one to violence. We will write a custom essay sample on Non Violence and Will Power or any similar topic only for you Order Now It can be controlled only by strong willpower, which is the same as a strong vrata or vow. It is for this purpose that the Anuvrata movement is going on. The unconscious harbours ego which accounts for the individual getting enjoyment out of thinking very high of himself and very low of others. Discrimination practiced on the basis of race and colour is but one manifestation of man’s ego. Irrational insistence too is rooted in ego. Here in also lies the seed of the communal problem. Here it is relevant to recall one of the vows of Anuvrata: â€Å"I will believe in human unity, will eschew any discrimination based on race, colour etc as well as untouchability. † But if we want to develop non-violence, it is not enough to be conscious merely of the present events. We should be equally conscious of the prime instincts causing the events. Thus it is necessary in the present context to work for disarmament and banning wars. But it is not enough, for it is only like fighting a fire without discovering its causes. We have to do both things– fight the fire that is raging and, more importantly, find out the factors that have caused it. Likewise, solving the existing problem of violence and discovering the basic cause of violence are equally necessary. People working in the field of non-violence are much less concerned about the latter and this, according to us, is the biggest impediment to the growth of non-violence. Armament, disarmament, war and banning of war–all these matters fall within the jurisdiction of various governments. The common man has nothing to do with them. And those wielding power are not likely to listen to the talk about non-violence. We have, therefore, to involve the common people in achieving non-violence. These people, as we have seen, have no role in deciding matters of peace and war or of armament and disarmament, but they undoubtedly have the power to decide the destiny of those who decide the above matters. For achieving it,intense faith, incessant striving and complete devotion are needed. We have reason to believe that these qualities will emerge in those working in the field of non-violence. How to cite Non Violence and Will Power, Essay examples

Sketch Book free essay sample

I lay my pencil down on my sketch book ending the drawing of my sleeping cat, for he chose to wake up at the most inopportune time. I decided to take a moment to look through my old drawings. From years long gone, there were sketches of cartoons, doodles of random objects, flowers, and the occasional pet if they were kind enough to stay still. I went through the book as if it was my own personal timeline, every new picture penciled within its pages marked the progress of my skills as an artist. As I look through it, I internally cringe and laugh at my old drawings. I remember being so proud and feeling so accomplished when the last line was drawn and the picture was complete. What made me think they were each such a masterpiece at the time? My skills were obviously not up to par with the skills of a great artist, heck, they still arent. We will write a custom essay sample on Sketch Book or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page From the time a person discovers their creative being as an artist, progress never ends really, improvement is always attainable. Come to think of it, when did I discover my love for art? I cannot remember a time when i wasn’t with a pencil or paintbrush. Even in my family, I have always been known as the â€Å"artsy one†. Either making little miniatures out of model magic clay, or making a mess with tempera paint on paper, I have always found something creative to do. Yet, sometimes my creative mind reaches too far beyond what my being can handle. My brain is like one massive hyperbole. All I do is think and dream of things I wish to do, create, or become that I know are a far reach for my capabilities. This and perfectionism go hand in hand. Even with the most insignificant of projects or events in my life, I must see it to my own standard of perfection. If something is finished without my own perfect perception, I feel it is incomplete or just not good enough. Sadly , this doesn’t really come in handy while working in groups, people can sometimes find my need to be perfect a little agitating. Though, I wear my mind on my sleeve, therefore my opinions will be heard whether someone likes it or not. Even with my own pieces, I find them hard to finish because i can’t capture the exact image my mind has created. Hmm some aspects of my newest sketch could be changed, If only the little fur-ball could have stayed in place I’ll leave the sketch for now and move on to my new subject, a fresh bouquet of vibrant roses placed on the dining room table, at least they wont move. So this is where i must end my reflection, for an artist’s mind is within their hands while they create.

Eugene Onegin Comparison free essay sample

The transformation from a novel in verse to an opera Although written in the early 1800s, Eugene Onegin, a novel in verse written by Alexander Pushkin, is still regarded as one of the most influential and beautifully written pieces of work to this day. As it shifted cultural norms, opened new discussions, gave way to new forms of writing, and introduced novel approaches that envisioned life in a different light, Eugene Onegin was revolutionary. With its central theme revolving around the conflict between dreams and reality, the novel in verse caught the attention of readers all over the world, with over thirteen translations written. As well, other artists have adapted the work and interpreted it through their own art forms, including a ballet by John Cranko in 1965, and the famous opera by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky, which opened in 1879. Tchaikovsky’s interpretation in particular gathered much success and worldwide recognition, arguably more than that of Pushkin’s novel. We will write a custom essay sample on Eugene Onegin Comparison or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page While the characters and the storyline are mainly preserved, Pushkin’s main characters – Lensky, Onegin, and Tatyana – become more multi-dimensional and relatable in Tchaikovsky’s opera. Because he was an artist in the romanticism era, Tchaikovsky adds his own inspiration to the novel when changing it to an opera, creating many noticeable distinctions between the two. Compared to the novel in verse, the operatic version of Eugene Onegin has various deviations due to Tchaikovsky’s romanticism and character bias, which include changes in the duel scene, the increased favouritism of certain characters by Tchaikovsky, and the absence of a narrator. Throughout the course of Pushkin’s novel in verse, there are four main parts of the storyline that grab the attention of the reader and create the plot. One of the four scenes is a duel between Onegin and his best friend Vladimir Lensky, after Lensky caught Onegin flirting shamelessly with his fiancee. This scene was considerably altered between both artworks, as there was a very strong difference in the portrayal of Onegin’s guilt in the novel and in the opera. In Pushkin’s novel Onegin is very remorseful and heartbroken after killing his best friend. The narrator notes: Deluged with instant cold, Onegin hastens to the youth, Looks, calls him†¦ vainly: He is no more. The youthful bard Has met with an untimely end! †¦ In the ache of the heart’s remorse, His hand squeezing the pistol, At Lensky Eugene looks. â€Å"well, what – he’s dead,† pronounced the neighbor [Zaretsky] Dead! With this dreadful interjection Smitten, Onegin with a shudder Walks hence and calls his men. In this piece, it is evident that Onegin is deeply conflicted with the crime he had committed. Dealing with the death of his friend, Onegin leaves town to find peace of mind. In the opera, however, Tchaikovsky leaves little time for Onegin’s mourning. In the novel, Zaretsky, a friend of Lensky who attended the duel, is the first to speak after the fight finishes. Contrary to the novel, instead of Zaretsky being the first to speak of the death, it is Onegin who brusquely asks â€Å"Is he dead? In most stagings of this opera, Onegin simply walks to Lenksy’s body as if to double-check his passing. As scholar Julia Torgovitskaya states, â€Å"Because in an opera it would be difficult to convey a considerable length of time passing [i. e. for Onegin to mourn Lensky’s death], Tchaikovsky allows the scene to end right after Lensky has fallen. † The result of this change of scene from the novel to the opera is highly profound. In Pushkin’s story, readers are able to sympathize with Onegin in understanding his regret. Readers turn to Onegin and Tatyana’s communion as the happy ending they yearn for in the face of Lenksy’s tragic death. In the opera, on the other hand, the audience begins to demonize Onegin, and there is a negative incline and desire for Onegin and Tatyana to be together. This single scene, being different between the two art forms, changes the entire mood of the story and the attitudes the audience would have towards its characters. The changes of certain scenes also come from Tchaikovsky’s bias towards specific characters, which result in a different presentation of their personalities on stage. Tchaikovsky, being an advocate of romanticism, presents the characters of Tatyana and Lensky in a more compassionate and sensitive manner. The opera differs from the novel as certain characters are viewed in a much stronger light, and their prominence has shifted. For instance, the character of Tatyana, a young, shy but passionate woman, was highly recognized and loved by Tchaikovsky. Due to this, the letter scene, where Tatyana spends an entire night writing and confessing her love for Onegin, was more emphasized and intimate, leaving the audience touched by Tatyana’s courageousness. With the addition of music, this scene was the longest and most complex solo section of the opera, further establishing the deep bond Tchaikovsky had for the character of Tatyana. After working on the writing of the letter scene, Tchaikovsky wrote â€Å"Being completely immersed in composition, I so thoroughly identified myself with the image of Tatyana that she became for me like a living person, together with everything that surrounded her. I loved Tatyana, and was furiously indignant with Onegin who seemed to me a cold, heartless fop. † With this magnetism, there was a shift in directive depiction between the main characters. It is important to note that in this opera, much of Pushkin’s text is cut out due to length (for it takes longer to sing a verse than utter written words or phrases), but the scenes with Tatyana and Lensky remained largely unchanged. For example, the night before the duel, Lensky writes to his wife a love letter pouring his heart out, knowing he is to die the next day. In the opera, Tchaikovsky has Lensky sing the contents of this letter in a heartfelt aria. Although it is very moving and beautiful, it is very far from Pushkin’s character of Lensky. In Pushkin’s work, instead of praising Lensky for his poetic nature and optimism, the narrator indicates that his romantic idealism stands as the result of his lack of world experience and naivete: He did his best to hold back the cynical comments that came to his lips, reflecting to himself, ‘It’s stupid for me to spoil his momentary bliss – it’ll vanish soon enough without my help. Meanwhile let him live on the belief that the world’s a perfect place. Youth is a kind of fever, and we must forgive the young their fire and their delirium. Although the narrator in Pushkin’s novel ridiculed this youthful euphoria, Tchaikovsky encourages and emphasizes the tenderness radiating from Lenksy. Thus, there is a considerable amount of romanticism added to both plot and character in Tchaikovsky’s opera in comparison to Pushkin’s novel. Finally, the most controversial deviation of the opera from the novel in verse is the absence of a narrator. This results in a critical difference between the two art forms, as the narrator’s input, digressions and lessons are not present in the opera, thereby changing the story’s defining attributes. In the novel, the narrator serves many roles, one being a voice of sarcasm and ridicule towards the characters, showing them the irony in which they live their lives. When reading the novel, readers were unsure of whether to be sympathetic to some characters, for it was possible that the narrator would interrupt with sarcasm or mockery revealing that the characters were undeserving of compassion. In the opera, the role of the narrator is removed, resulting in a more straightforward version of Pushkin’s tale, where the characters clearly either deserve sympathy in their troubles or do not. In the novel, there was no need for characters to introduce themselves, due to the presence of a narrator, but in the opera, there are characters that have to introduce themselves to the audience. This happens, for instance, in the dueling scene (scene 5) where Zaretsky introduces himself: I am a pedant where the class duel is concerned, And I am naturally methodical. I do not allow a man to be stretched out Any old way†¦ In this scene, Zaretsky has to speak of himself to Onegin before the duel, explaining who he is and why he is there. This is completely different from the novel, where the narrator explains everything without awkward dialogue: Zaretsky, once a reprobate, Gambler-in-chief, an intimate And sage of inns, a philanderer; Kind and sober, now, instead, Father of many, still unwed†¦ Many scholars, such as Richard Taruskin, argue that in this opera, â€Å"the music, quite simply, is the narrator. From the very first sung notes†¦ the music acts as a very busy and detached mediator of situations and feelings. † This can be seen through the different musical pieces that play for each character, which in turn contribute to the audience’s interpretation of the character. For instance, Tatyana received the most colourful and lyrically driven music, while Onegin sings less memorable lines with simpler orchestral accompaniment. Although, one should note that the musical accompaniment of the characters’ actions are also biased, as the music that plays is the music that reflects how Tchaikovsky views them. Tchaikovsky, in one way, creates a new narrator by deciding how the characters will appeal to the audience, using music as his tool. For example, Tchaikovsky views Onegin as incapable of having genuine feelings, and so the music attributed to him is less inspired than that attributed to Lensky. In addition, the narrator in Pushkin’s novel constantly interrupts the progression of the novel, which creates a storyline where two things occur simultaneously. In the opera this effect is achieved in a less destructive manner, because as novelists must arrange things in a sequential order, â€Å"musicians can simultaneously present and comment without recourse to digression. † When an event or conversation is happening on its own, it can be accompanied by music that tells a different story; consequently, two conversations can take place at the same time. The music plays, in this way, a role similar to a narrator, as it feeds information to the reader as events unfold, and gives insight on the situations through melodic remedies. Therefore, in the transition from novel in verse to opera, Tchaikovsky dropped the character of the narrator, and used music as a tool of explaining the story. In conclusion, the conversion of Eugene Onegin from a novel in verse to an opera includes many various deviations from the overall plot and character emphasis in the story. With Tchaikovsky’s affinity and bond with the characters of Tatyana and Lensky, he portrays Onegin as demonic and insignificant. With this affinity, he manipulates the original storyline with romanticism to fool the audience into sympathizing with Tatyana and Lensky, whereas Pushkin’s narrator is notorious for ridiculed them. Furthermore, Tchaikovsky takes advantage of the absence of a narrator, and uses music’s capacity for emotional influence to further implement his bias for Tatyana, Lensky and Onegin. The narrator in Pushkin’s novel serves as a source of information to provide the readers with context concerning the setting, characters and story line where as Tchaikovsky uses character dialogue to provide such information. Overall the changes between Pushkin’s Eugene Onegin and Tchaikovsky’s operatic telling of the story were controversial but allowed for two different expressions of the same story. These deviations can be attributed to Tchaikovsky’s affinity for romanticism and his preference for Tatyanna and Lensky in comparison to his strong dislike for Onegin. Nevertheless, both versions of Eugene Onegin are still regarded as powerful pieces of artwork. Despite their differences, however, both tales leaves their audiences craving for answers to their questions: what happens next? Bibliography Brown, David. Tchaikovsky, The Crisis Years, W. W Norton; New York and London, 1983 Debreczeny, Paul. Social Functions of Literature: Alexander Pushkin and Russian Culture. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1997. Doran, Molly. The Transformation of Pushkin’s Eugene Onegin into Tchaikovsky’s Opera. Bowling Green State University, Ohio. 2012. Eugene Onegin. Wikipedia; Wikimedia Foundation. 2013. lt; http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Eugene_Onegingt;. Pushkin, Alexandr. Translated by Vladimir Nabokov. Eugene Onegin. Princeton University Press: Princeton, 1990. Pushkin, Alexandr. Translated by A. S. Kline. Eugene Onegin. 2009. Pushkin, Alexandr. Eugene Onegin amp; Other Stories, Wordsworth Editions Limited; London, 2005 Taruskin, Richard. Defining Russia Musically. Princeton University Press: Princeton, 1997. Tchaikovsky, Peter Ilyitch. Eugene Onegin in full score. Dover Publications, Inc. : New York, 1997. Tchaikovsky, Peter Ilyitch. Eugene Onegin. Decca Recording with Royal Opera House; Coven Garen. Torgovitskaya, Julia. Eugene Onegin’s Journey Through Time: An Analysis of the Meanin and Effect of Major Themes in Pushkin’s Novel In Verse, Tchaikovsky’s Opera, and Other Adaptations of the Work and Their Relevance to Today’s World. Tuft’s University. 2009. [ 1 ]. Torgovitskaya, Julia. Eugene Onegin’s Journey Through Time; Tufts University, 2009, page 5 [ 2 ]. Pushkin, Alexandr. Eugene Onegin Other Stories, Wordsworth Editions Limited; London, 2005, page XXXVI [ 3 ]. Torgovitskaya, Julia. Eugene Onegin’s Journey Through Time; Tufts University, 2009, page 5 [ 4 ]. Pushkin, Alexandr. Translated by Vladimir Nabokov. Eugene Onegin, 241, [Chapter 6, Part XXXI]. [ 5 ]. Pushkin, Alexandr. Translated by Vladimir Nabokov. Eugene Onegin. 43. [Chapter 6, Part XXXV]. [ 6 ]. Torgovitskaya, J. Eugene Onegin’s Journey Through Time; Tufts University, 2009, page 27 [ 7 ]. Doran, Molly. The Transformation of Pushkin’s Eugene Onegin into Tchaikovsky’s Opera, Bowling Green State University, Ohio, 2012, page 23 [ 8 ]. Doran, Molly. The Transformation of Pushkin’s Eugene Onegin into Tchaikovsky’s Opera, Bowling Green State University, Ohio, 2012, page 43 [ 9 ]. Quoted in David Brown, Tchaikovsky, The Crisis Years, W. W Norton; New York and London, 1983, 143 [ 10 ]. Torgovitskaya, Julia. Eugene Onegin’s Journey Through Time; Tufts University, 2009, page 24 [ 11 ]. Pushkin, Alexandr. Eugene Onegin Other Stories, Wordsworth Editions Limited; London, 2005, page 25(10-15) [ 12 ]. Tchaikovsky, P. Decca recording of Eugene Onegin, Royal Opera House, Coven Garden, scene 5 [ 13 ]. Pushkin, Alexandr. Eugene Onegin, translated by A. S. Kline, 2009, 128 [Chapter 6, stanza 4] [ 14 ]. Taruskin, Richard. Defining Russia Musically, Princeton University Press; Princeton, 1997, 53-54 [ 15 ]. Taruskin, Richard. Defining Russia Musically, Princeton University Press; Princeton, 1997, 54

Fredrick Douglass1 essays

Fredrick Douglass1 essays The brutality that slaves endured form their masters and from the institution of slavery caused slaves to be denied their god given rights. In the Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, Douglass has the ability to show the psychological battle between the white slave holders and their black slaves, which is shown by Douglass own intellectual struggles against his white slave holders. I will focus my attention on how education allowed Douglass to understand how slavery was wrong, and how the Americans saw the blacks as not equal, and only suitable for slave work. I will also contrast how Douglass view was very similar to that of the women in antebellum America, and the role that Christianity played in his life as a slave and then as a free man. The novel clearly displays the childrens animalistic behavior when they were not regularly allowanced. Douglass says, Our food was coarse corn meal boiled, which was called mush. It was put into a large wooden tray or trough, and set down upon the ground. The children were then called, like so many pigs, and like so many pigs they would come and devour the mush; some with oyster-shells, others with pieces of shingle, some with naked hands, and none with spoons. He that ate fastest got most; he that was strongest secured the best place; and few left the trough satisfied" (Douglass 41-42). This clearly describes how children where treated like animals and their inability to act in the manner of a normal educated child. Slave children were denied many luxuries that other children took for granted. The knowledge of their birthdays was one of these luxuries. Douglass states, "I have no accurate knowledge of my age, never having seen any authentic record containing it. By far the larg er part of the slaves know as little of their ages as horses know of theirs, and it is the wish of most masters within my knowledge to keep their slaves thus ignorant. I ...

No topic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 44

No topic - Essay Example However, they do not take an initiative of providing a systematic formula that can help people eradicate this kind of danger (Al-Nuemat Ahmed: pp. 56). Such ethical issues have a great impact on the consumers directly and to the society. Consumers always imagine they pay so much money because these companies spend a lot in advertising their products (Al-Nuemat Ahmed: pp. 58). However, since marketers are good at deceiving consumers, they always use the concept of deceptive marketing to lure them into buying. They do this by lowering the product prices but still putting into consideration the expenses. This kind of ethical dilemma has also made consumers materialistic because they tend to change their primary needs. In the process, the society ends up facing many problems. This is because people are quick at judging what other possesses and not how they behave in a society. Companies rely on marketing techniques to increase the number of sales. However, in the process of doing so, they always end up feeding consumers with wrong information through misleading advertisements. This is because they are after gaining a competitive advantage over their rivals. This in turn hurt the consumers after they realize the health issues related with the products. Al-Nuemat Ahmed Adnan. Current and Emerging Ethical Issues in Marketing New Directions and Proposals. Global Journal of Management and Business Research. 12.23(2012): 55- 62. Accessed 8 April 8, 2014

Universal Child Care Tax Benefit Reform in Canada Assignment

Universal Child Care Tax Benefit Reform in Canada - Assignment Example This essay elucidates on the tax reform nuances, regarding increase of childcare tax benefit in Canada. This enhanced child benefits structure aims towards replacing the preceding Child Tax Credit benefits. There has been some sort of controversy regarding the eligibility of the child tax benefits. The basic guideline is that, that the major beneficiaries should be families with the minor children. To qualify for this, there has to be the aspect of completing a specified Application form. Completion of that form ensures that all the records are safely kept for the sake of subsequent analysis For the past decade, international organizations and industrialized countries have shown increased interest with regards to government involvements in child care. The concept behind this fact is that; that there is a general consideration of subsidizing child care programs. This tax measure often affects the entire citizens. However, most empirical studies put greater focus on the preschool children and the systems of the means-tested transfers. Based on the investigation, regarding the effects of the Canadian child care universal reforms on the parent’s participation in labor force; it worked towards shedding some light since a group with younger children had varying responses from their counterparts who had older children. it can be concluded that this tax measure tend promote some sense of horizontal equality in one way or the other. This mainly occurs when it comes to the gender-based issues

Chinas One Child Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Chinas One Child Policy - Essay Example While both sides have claims, reasoning and evidence, Toulmin’s model of argumentation is not specifically used by either side. The argument is also a very political one. Each side has different cultures and values, and these form a large part of the context that must be considered when examining the claims and context in this debate. Authorities in China say that since 2000, more than 250 million live births have been prevented by the use of this policy. They claim that if these people had been born, the current infrastructure and social structure in China would be unable to support them and that China would be weaker today. This argument goes to the core of the policy and is one of the main reasons it was implemented in the first place by the Chinese government back in the late 1970s following the period of economic opening led by Deng Xiaping. At the time the policy was implemented by the government there were grave concerns about China being overpopulated and being unable to support its own people. This led some politicians to suggest the one child policy. Another cause was the fact that contraception was not widely available back at the time this policy went into effect. It was harder for women to control their own reproduction; instead, the state decided to take control. The state argues this was done out of necessity because of the social and cultural aspects in vogue at the time. But today, several decades later, many wonder if it was even necessary. For example, has it done much to address this state problem?

Global Warming as a Global Issue of Concern

Global Warming as a Global Issue of Concern CONTROVERSIES OF GLOBAL WARMING TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION GLOBAL WARMING AS A GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERN CONTROVERSIES OF GLOBAL WARMING ISSUE EXPLANATION OF THE CONTROVERSIES PRESENTED CONCLUSION REFERENCES INTRODUCTION As a global environmental issue of concern, controversies have been presented for and against global warming. Such controversies have stemmed from its causes as well as effects. This is because since the first international awareness of the problem that took place in 1992 during a United Nations (UN) Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro, several opinions have continued to grow concerning the genesis of this problem as well as the potential effects posed on the planet. Such international meeting saw an intellectual exchange among the many delegates concerning the best approaches that can be used in dealing with the causes and effects of global warming. However, this problem is still a controversial one among many environmentalists around the world. Therefore, this essay analyzes the various controversies presented by different articles and authors concerning global warming, its main drivers, and seriousness of the issue as well as claimed consequences. GLOBAL WARMING AS A GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERN As a global environmental concern, global warming has had several impacts especially for both the biodiversity and the climatic conditions of the planet (Elkins and Simmonds, et al., 2010). This is because current trends have shown that it affects flora and fauna as a result of the increase in the amount of the anthropogenic gases that are accumulated in the atmosphere such as neon- surface air. As a result, this leads to the melting of the ice caps, rise in the sea levels and other climatic changes. Hence global warming represents a major threat especially to the fundamental life forms of living things on the earth. Back, Russ, Liu, Inoue, Zhang and Otto-Bliesner (2013) contends that global warming leads to the increase in the rate of water evaporation into the atmosphere. This is of great concern owing to the fact that water is life and without it, no life can be realized. This is further compounded by the fact that the water vapor is in itself is a greenhouse gas that exacerbates the problem leading to warming of the atmosphere. As such, this increase in the water vapor can further be compounded by the excessive use of the fossil fuels and through land use changes. Burning of fossil fuels contributes to the addition of the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere in the sense that such fuels produces anthropogenic gases such as CFCs, methane and nitrous oxide which are responsible for the global warming. In addition, deforestation, explosive population growth, technological advancement, growing urbanization, and industrial expansion are some of the factors that account for the increases in these gas es in the atmosphere. However, it is projected that the rate of the rise will continued if this global issue of concern is not nipped in the bud. Among other major causes, deforestation is argued to be the main causes of the increases in the global warming (Liss, 2012). This is because trees play a major role in the global carbon cycle since they are considered as one of the largest land-based carbon mechanism that helps in the removal of excessive carbon dioxide from the air. Due to this, deforestation has been considered as the second principle cause of atmospheric carbon dioxide contributing for 25 per cent of all the carbon emissions in the atmosphere especially through burning and cutting of trees. For instance, estimates are that over 5500 acres of rainforest are destroyed daily leading to a rise in the global carbon dioxide level which is approximated to be 0.4 per cent each year. The long effects of such changes are inclusive of the melting of the glaciers, increased intensity and frequency as well as the changes in rainfall patterns. According to Liss (2012), imbalances that are created between various life forms on earth makes global warming a controversial issue of global concern. Such imbalances are showing through signs in the form of increased occurrences of cyclones, landslides, tsunami, flood, drought among others. As a result, the increases in the rise of the aforementioned disasters on this planet threaten different life forms. For instance, due to the extreme weather patterns, this can lead to increased effects of malnutrition, airborne as well as water-borne diseases, starvation and extinction of the flora and fauna. CONTROVERSIES OF GLOBAL WARMING ISSUE For the purpose of discussion of the controversies presented in the global warming issue, this essay will analyze four news articles from different media sources. Such controversies will run from the works of the two main authors as presented in the four news articles. As such, the two notable environmentalists who discuss and analyze this issue are J.R. McNeill and Bjorn Lomborg. McNeill’s arguments have been contained in the news article, Something New under the Sun: an Environmental History of the Twentieth-Century World whereas Lomborg discusses it in, The Skeptical Environmentalist: Measuring the Real State of the World. Other two news articles that will be discussed are the Forecasting the consequences of climate driven shifts in human behavior on cetaceans. and â€Å"States Adapting to Climate Change. Environmental Forum.† The central theme in McNeills article is revolving around the fact that environmental problem like global warming comprises some of the byproducts of the modernization as well as development (Cho, Martens, Kim Rodrigue, 2011). As such, he is of the belief that humans have impacted our planet more deeply in the twentieth century than we did in all previous history combined.† Hence the irony in this debate according to McNeill is the fact that some of the same factors that have helped humankind to develop such as economic prosperity as well as technological advancement, are inherent the real causes of the serious environmental problems such as global warming. Consequently, McNeill makes an argument that global warming with no exception from other environmental problems, cannot be dealt with in an effective manner without necessarily having to involve the technological advancements (Dos Santos, 2012). Moreover, McNeill puts it clearly by stating that if global warming consists a serious environmental problem, then the equation will be revised in the direction of a stronger role for the environment. Paradoxically, if humanity is to escape projected environmental crises, then technology, which helped bring them on, will be asked to lead us out. Therefore, McNeill sees technology to be the only solution in dealing with the problem of global warming that can minimize the negative consequences especially of this environmental dilemma that runs rampant across the globe. On the other hand, the rhetoric of global warming has been presented by Lomborg and his argument lies in the premise that global warming together with the other environmental problems, is a mere exaggeration especially from the media specialists, scientists and politicians (Long, Xie, Zheng Liu, 2014). According to him, global warming is a less serious and severe threat as opposed to the weight that is accorded to it in media and among the scientists. As such, Lomborg believes that inaccuracy of studies and predictions that have been made by complicated computer software consist the causes of the fears among the scientists concerning this issue. This is evident through his statement, â€Å"the limitations of computer modeling, the unrealistic nature of basic assumptions made about future technological change and political value judgments have distorted the scenarios being presented to the public.† In addition, Schuldt, Konrath and Schwarz (2011) argue that Lomborg raises many doubts in regard to greenhouse gas emissions considered as the real cause global warming. His main thesis of argument is that greenhouse gas emissions cannot have any impact on the world temperatures. His argument is that even specialized scientists cannot make accurate predictions of the future climate primarily because the climate system is much complex. On the basis of this argument, Lomborg makes a conclusion that global warming is unlikely to be a devastating issue. As such, this raises an important question regarding to whether the temperature change leads to catastrophic consequences. Although in all the environmentalists in the four articles raise valuable claims about the issue of global warming, independent review of the news articles have indicated that McNeill is quite reasonable in his warning and realistic. The point of departure that makes this to be an issue of controversy is the fact that Lomborg’s argues against global warming being a real environmental problem. EXPLANATION OF THE CONTROVERSIES PRESENTED An analytical review of both the environmentalists’ arguments in all the four news articles in regard to global warming brings out the controversies that are presented for and against global warming debate. According to Sharpe (2012), McNeill makes valid as well as reasonable argument in comparison to Lomborg because McNeil bases his argument on the historical backgrounds making references too many past examples in proof of his assumption especially about the relationship that exists between the global warming and economic activities. For instance, McNeil makes a reference to the New Caledonia’s nickel production that took place in 1920s as well as its negative impact especially on the environment, air and weather. According to him, the production of nickel through mining activities led to the pouring of the smoke as well as dangerous gases that were released into the atmosphere. Furthermore, McNeill also refers Londons notorious fog in 1950s as a result of coal mining that caused death of many thousands of people (Sharpe, 2012). This makes McNeill’s argument to have a proof that global warming is not necessarily a very recent environmental problem but as a result of accumulated economic activities of the past century that have paved the way especially for the complication of this problem. Accordingly, in the controversies of global warming debate, McNeill has raised a very strong as well as valid argument as he reviews the information in the recent past in sending the message that the current global warming should be seen as a severe environmental problem that is deeply rooted in the past actions of humankind. The strength and credibility to McNeil’s warnings on the impacts of global warming environmental problem is refereed to authenticated cases especially from the past. Contrary to McNeil’s strong and supported argument, Lomborg’s assumptions are weak and invalid (Schuldt, Konrath Schwarz, 2011). This is because Lomborg does not make any much insight as regards his argument that global warming is not an environmental problem because of the less severity it has in practical in comparison to the predictions made by the scientists and environmentalists. For instance, Lomborg refutes scientific assumptions about the global warming by mentioning that the greenhouse gases does not comprise the only cause of global warming and that there are other factors such as solar energy that may impact global warming. However, this makes his argument to be an invalid one because it has no logical basis due to the fact that existence of many causes of global warming does not refute the fact that it is not a severe environmental problem with many destructive effects especially on life on the earth. Hence Lomborg does not trust technological advancements through computer modeling that allow scientist to make predictions concerning the environment. According to him, he has a belief that scientific predictions are not accurate to make certain real seriousness as well as severity of such environmental phenomena. In these controversies, Lomborg uses ‘doubt’ technique in developing his arguments in his manipulation of global warming being an environmental problem (Dos Santos, 2012). As such, his arguments have received a lot of responses from many experts as well as environmentalists. For instance, Sharon Begley, an environment expert is of the idea that Lomborg’s argument is based on bad logic especially through Lomborg’s argument that people should not to fear global warming because there is high number of deaths resulting from the ‘cold’ weather as opposed to death as a result of the ‘warm’ weather. Begley is right in his refutation of Lomborg’s argument because this means that regardless of the fact that the death toll from the warm weather is slightly less in comparison with cold weather, and then this still remains a problem that calls for a confrontation in order to minimize deaths from the global warming (Anthony and Maynard, p.1802). As such Begley noted that, â€Å"according to a 2006 study, 850,000 deaths from cold will be averted in a warmer world, not the 1.4 million, as Lomborg says.† This makes it an effective strategy in raising an argument especially against severity of global warming and scientists should make an exploration of all possible means in fighting this global problem. Another response to Lomborg’s discussion is that he deals with the issue of global warming from an economic point of view (Cho, Martens, Kim Rodrigue, 2011). This is because lives of people should be seen as being much worthier in comparison with whatever cost is needed especially to in fighting global is warming. In this regard, the problem of global warming â€Å"is approached as an economist would approach it, asking whether the benefits of intervention would exceed the costs.† This is illustrated from his attempt to convince audience with a cost-benefit argument concerning global warming. For instance, Lomborg cites William Nordhaus, a well-known economist in his defense that â€Å"the cost of implementing Kyoto would exceed the total projected cost of global warming† hence this is not a sound argument in dealing with global warming especially from an economic point of view because it is a matter of life and death issues. Liss (2012) claims that one way of refuting Lomborg’s argument is that if global warming problem had not been serious the way Lomborg assumed, concerns of many countries as well as environmental organizations would not have been raised especially through the meeting in Rio de Janeiro in 1992 and in Kyoto in 1997 to assess individual countries’ efforts in minimizing greenhouse gas emissions. These meeting involved studies conducted by highly reputable scientists as well as professional experts that led to a conclusion that global warming is a an environmental problem caused by greenhouse gas emissions. The findings of the meetings enumerated the ice melting as well as depletion of sea shores as some of the serious consequences of global warming. Accordingly, McNeill gives a more reasonable account than that given by Lomborg because the former respects and trusts scientific facts and predictions due to his full confidence in the technological tools as well as computer sof tware that are used in predicting ill consequences of the global warming. Therefore, global warming still remains an environmental problem that needs confrontation adequately. CONCLUSION In conclusion, the foregoing controversies of global warming debate illustrates that global warming is a very serious environmental problem with destructive negative consequences like ozone depletion and an increase in temperatures as presented by McNeil’s strong and supported argument. Hence global warming should be fought adequately due to the data, statistics, and scientifically-based predictions that such a threat is real. REFERENCES Elkins, A and Simmonds, et al. (2010). Forecasting the consequences of climate driven shifts in human behavior on cetaceans. Marine Policy 34(5): 943-954. Back, L., Russ, K., Liu, Z., Inoue, K., Zhang, J., Otto-Bliesner, B. (2013). Global Hydrological Cycle Response to Rapid and Slow Global Warming. Journal Of Climate, 26(22), 8781-8786. Liss, B. (2012). States Adapting to Climate Change. Environmental Forum, 29(1), 10. Cho, C., Martens, M., Kim, H., Rodrigue, M. (2011). Astroturfing Global Warming: It Isnt Always Greener on the Other Side of the Fence. Journal of Business Ethics, 104(4), 571-587. Dos Santos, M. O. (2012). Investigating consumer knowledge of global warming based on Rogers knowledge stage of the innovation decision process. International Journal Of Consumer Studies, 36(4), 385-393. Long, S., Xie, S., Zheng, X., Liu, Q. (2014). Fast and Slow Responses to Global Warming: Sea Surface Temperature and Precipitation Patterns. Journal Of Climate, 27(1), 285-299. Schuldt, J. P., Konrath, S. H., Schwarz, N. (2011). â€Å"Global warming† or â€Å"climate change†?. Public Opinion Quarterly, 75(1), 115-124. Sharpe, M. (2012). Will We Stop Global Warming Before It Kills Us? Challenge (05775132), 55(5), 123-124. Urpelainen, J. (2012). Global Warming, Irreversibility, and Uncertainty: A Political Analysis. Global Environmental Politics, 12(4), 68-85.

Prohibition of Flag Desecration is Unconstitutional :: Argumentative Persuasive Argument Essays

Prohibition of Flag Desecration is Unconstitutional When people fix their eyes upon the fifty white stars and thirteen red and white stripes, they perceive not only a nation’s flag, but a symbol that represents freedom and unity. America, the country of opportunity and liberty, is built on a democracy regulated by the Bill of Rights. If this flag represents the land of the free, then why does Congress continue to disregard the First Amendment and attempt to pry a right out of American citizens’ hands? After Texas v. Johnson in 1989, when the Supreme Court opposed the new flag burning amendment, the state statutes banning flag desecration also were struck down. Since then, Congress has tried to pass The Flag Desecration Amendment in 1990, 1995, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2001, and 2003. The Flag Desecration Amendment states that â€Å"The Congress and the states shall have power to prohibit the physical desecration of the flag of the United States.† This amendment is considered unconstitutional because it limits how citizens express themselves and their ideas. According to Professor Robert Justin Goldstein, only forty-five incidents of desecration have been recorded over 200 years since our flag was adopted. Our flag is in no immediate danger, and many people support it by displaying it on cars, buildings, and homes. In fact, the majority of the burnings represent issues or policies of the government, and not hatred towards the country. For example, in 1970, protestors burned flags to rage against imperialistic foreign policies and the Vietnam War. Although the desecration of our nation’s symbol is disheartening, protecting our Bill of Rights should be Congress’s top priority. Since the adoption of the Bill of Rights in 1791, none of the original articles have been altered. The First Amendment clearly states that Congress cannot establish a law that interferes with the freedom of speech, the freedom of press, or the freedom to assemble a protest.

Comparing Literature, Story of an Hour & the Necklace

EN102 XXXXXX 2009 Assignment XX 1: Write a 200 word response on why you picked the literature that you chose. This can be in first person and informal. I selected my choice of literature from the list rather quick because I leaped at the opportunity to once again write about the â€Å"Story of an Hour. † Of all the short stories that I have read in our book thus far, this story by far is the story that I enjoyed the most. I think this is because the ending took me a little by surprise, and believe it or not I found the ending somewhat humorous. I thought the tables had now turned in favor of the husband who probably felt the same she did after she found out that he died. Other words, he was probably the one who was relieved now. The second piece of literature chosen, â€Å"The Necklace,† was chosen because it was simply linked to my first choice. I immediately read â€Å"The Necklace† after making my choice. To my surprise, I enjoyed this story as well but the beginning seemed to drag on a little too much. The story started with a drawn out description of the woman and her fascination of the rich. I felt that this could have shortened some but all in all I enjoyed this story as well. I’m satisfied with my selection and feel that these two stories will prove well in providing a comparison. 2: List your thesis statement. This should be one sentence and it should focus on the literature. Mrs. Mallard and Mme Loisel had different desires but both found happiness for a brief period of time that was quickly stolen away. 3. Read pages 96-99 in your textbook and then list: a. An idea from the literature that you can compare. Create a topic sentence that can be supported by a full paragraph of analysis and or examples or quotes from the textbook or your research. â€Å"The story of an Hour† and â€Å"The Necklace,† Mrs. Mallard and Mme Loisel are two women who live on separate continents but share somewhat equal moments of sadness within their lifetime. b. Another idea from the literature that you can compare. Create a topic sentence that can be supported by a full paragraph of analysis and or examples or quotes from the textbook or your research. A focal point of each of these stories mentions a window posed with a chair that at some point these women seek refuge, sitting to reflect upon their innermost emotions. c. An idea from the literature that you can contrast. Create a topic sentence that can be supported by a full paragraph of analysis and or examples or quotes from the textbook or your research. Mrs. Mallard and Mme Loisel are dissimilar in these stories. Mrs. Mallard in â€Å"The story of an Hour† is somewhat liberal and seems to be content with the future of being without a husband. On the other hand Mme Loisel in â€Å"The Necklace† lives in poverty and is dependent upon the income of her husband who is a ministry clerk. d. Another idea you can contrast. Create a topic sentence that can be supported by a full paragraph of analysis and or examples or quotes from the textbook or your research. In the endings of â€Å"The story of an Hour† and â€Å"The Necklace,† obviously they are not identical but these two stories are assured to bring about a reaction or stir to the reader. 5. Post your introductory paragraph below. Make sure you catch the reader’s attention, list the titles of the literature and the authors’ names. Your introduction should end with your thesis statement. Like a deal with the devil, Mrs. Mallard and Mme Loisels desires twirled as if they were choosing to enter an hour of sadness that guaranteed freedom or an evening ball that guaranteed wealth. â€Å"The Story of an Hour† by Kate Chopin and â€Å"The Necklace† by Guy De Maupassant are astonishing stories that offer a twist for the reader. Each had different desires and found happiness for a brief period of time that was quickly stolen away. . Keep in mind that you may want to change your thesis and your introduction after you start working on your rough draft. This is common. Your introduction and thesis are the most important elements of your term paper and it is not unusual for these to be revised several times. Feel free to check in with your instructor if you want feedback on your thesis or introd uction before you turn in lesson 6. 7. Submit your assignment as one Word/Rich Text   document using the upload tool or by pasting your work in the HTML editor.

To Garnish vs. To Garnishee

To Garnish vs. To Garnishee To Garnish vs. To Garnishee To Garnish vs. To Garnishee By Maeve Maddox A reader wonders about the verbs garnish and garnishee: I have been hearing a radio commercial that mentions how the IRS can â€Å"garnish one’s wages.†Ã‚   I always thought garnish referred to decorating food or something, but when I looked this up online, apparently garnishee is the word that has fallen out of use, and garnish in reference to wages is correct. Can you tell me if this is in fact the case? Both words are used in the sense of taking money owed to a creditor from a person’s wages. Garnish has seniority; the verb garnishee began as a noun derived from the verb to garnish. The noun and verb relating to decorating food come from the same source. Old French verb garnir meant â€Å"to fortify, to defend, to provide.† The earliest example of garnish, meaning â€Å"provide or furnish a place with a means of defense,† is dated c.1400. Another 15th century meaning of garnish was â€Å"to fit out with anything that adorns or beautifies.† By the 17th century, garnish was used in the context of decorating servings of food. Another meaning of of garnir was â€Å"to warn.† This sense survives in the legal term garnish: â€Å"to obtain a court order directing a party holding funds (such as a bank) or about to pay wages (such as an employer) to an alleged debtor to set that money aside until the court determines (decides) how much the debtor owes to the creditor.† The noun garnishee is a legal term meaning â€Å"a person or entity, quite often a bank or employer, which receives a court order not to release funds held for or owed to a customer or employee, pending further order of the court.† The earliest OED citation for garnishee used as a verb is from a US newspaper dated 1896. Although the use of garnishee as a verb has declined, the noun remains a common legal term. In modern usage, wages, as well as salads, are garnished. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Masters Degree or Master's Degree?40 Synonyms for â€Å"Lie†Artist vs. Artisan

Americas Fascination with Entertainment essays

America's Fascination with Entertainment essays At the end of the day, the typical American turns on the television when they get home and proceeds to flip through the channels until the sight of twenty guys standing around an attractive woman catches their eye. The guys are smiling ear to ear knowing they are going to have to out do the guys standing next to them. Entertainment has changed drastically since our parents were our age. In the 1960's, the entertainment industry was very small compared to today. There was television, radio, movie theaters, and going to sporting events. Conversation between family members was a main part of entertainment back then. Today, the industry has added computers, video games, Internet, pornography, and much more. America's fascination with the entertainment industry is influenced by childhood upbringing, boredom, the need to escape from reality, violence, and advertising because people want to be captivated and the time constraints Americans place in their lives. Childhood upbringing affects the enchantment the entertainment industry plays in a person's life. Many kids today are placed in front of a television set or computer when their parents need a "babysitter." Parents use the television and computer as a way to keep their kids out of their hair when they don't have time to mess with them. According to www.nccev.org, "56% of children ages eight through sixteen have a television in their rooms." The television in their room plays a role in how much television programs they watch unsupervised. Unsupervised television viewing allows the child to watch any program they desire. The parent needs to monitor the programs the child watches. The child could be watching adult programs with violence, nudity, adult content, and adult language. Kids are brought up in this day and age thinking when there is nothing to do, and they are bored to turn on the television. Boredom may be the force that causes the greatest fascination with ent...

Impacts of Colonialism on U.K Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Impacts of Colonialism on U.K - Essay Example During the beginning of the 20th century, England had its control over maximum areas of the world under its empirical power (College of New Jersey, â€Å"British Empire†). In the first three decades of the 19th century, the UK adopted the policy to rule Cape Colony. In 1795, the UK seized the Cape from the Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie (VOC). After a few years, British in 1803 returned the Cape to the Dutch government peacefully. In the year 1806, when the Napoleonic Wars began, the British captured the Cape in order to protect the sea route in order to protect their route to their Asian empire (U.S. Library of Congress, â€Å"British Colonialism†). During the late 18th century, the British government was in need for a base in the zone of Malaysia when they controlled India. Under the command of Francis Light in 1786, the British had colonized Penang and established Georgetown and they took over the Province of Wellesley in 1800. During the period of 1819, a trading post was founded at Singapore (Lambert, â€Å"A Brief History of Malaysia†). From the episode of the colonization of the Cape, the British government gained a lot. They focused upon the policy of the labor market. They utilized mass force of Cape for the purpose of the labor source for the British government. The colonial rule of the UK over the Cape in South Africa was strong and they colonized Cape due to certain reasons. The reasons were to secure the routes of their trade secrets, acquire huge labor and maintain the political power over most parts in the world. Primarily the labor supply was concentrated in this region (U.S. Library of Congress, â€Å"British Colonialism†). From the colonization of Malaysia, the British government had set up their trade bases in Singapore and around the coasts of Malaysia. They acquired Malaysia’s rubber industry and traded in the

Information Systems Architecture Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Information Systems Architecture - Research Paper Example Increasing expenditures have coerced vivid transformations in the healthcare industry, with an attempt towards controlled care. Managed care tries to incorporate healthcare delivery procedure and persistently advance them via feedback based on analysis of care upshots. The accomplishment of supervised care relies on the collection, evaluation and flawless exchange of details inside and across institutional boundaries. In an inter-institutional arrangement, the architecture must give complicated deliberation maintain abilities. Information structure incorporation is a significant dimension of an organization’s information structure maturity. Additionally, it plays a pertinent function in addressing needs and responsibility goals. Nonetheless, there is no definite structure incorporation in health care institutions. Adoption of information structure architecture enables availability of massive quantities of health care details that give precious facts. This structure aims at dim inishing expenditures and advancing efficiency. Medical explorers wish to exploit clinical details to find facts regarding patients’ wellbeing details. These novel uses of clinical details potentially implicate wellbeing since the relationship of a physician and a patient relies on utmost trust. Efficient functioning requires comprehensive and accurate details about a patient (Shortliffe, 2012). Utilization of information structure design results in distinction that information technology safety is of main significance to the current community. This is recent in healthcare, but data technology safety is a well instituted domain. A massive body of information exists that can be utilized to safeguard healthcare details. An overall comprehension of the safety can be achieved by comprehending precautionary components, security standards as well as dangers. In addition, it is significant to comprehend management measures, information

Module 7 DQ 1 and 2 Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Module 7 DQ 1 and 2 - Article Example The medical staff feels that the technical aspects of EHR and following laws take away from their time treating patients. The HIT manager therefore takes that burden away from them and by doing his or her job; the clinical people can be free to concentrate on their main concern, the patient. Goetz et al (2013) published a survey in The American Journal of Managed Care in which she states under HIT, communication is the main benefit and that the physician’s records are more organized. As business people also, the medical personnel feel that the greatest challenge is the increased cost of the equipment and people required for implementation. The Journal of AHIMA (2013) has published a list of those items absolutely essential for good strategy planning. For one thing, the article states that IT should be involved in all facets of the brainstorming. Another is that the involvement and representation from all levels in the facility (all stakeholders) is likewise necessary for the plans to succeed. In the ongoing controversy between top down and bottom up philosophy in deploying a healthcare IT system, IBM has put together a white paper concerning the advantages and disadvantages of both (2005). Although almost eight years is an eternity in information technology, the points brought out are still very much relevant. The bottom up approach offers more clinical saturation early on. As initial costs are lower, benefits are realized much sooner, material and otherwise. As well, password security is managed better. Yet the main disadvantage is that later changes to the system are not necessarily very easily accomplished. Therefore, it can be said that top down is a mirror image of the bottom up method. Although initial costs are much greater, its main advantage is that the entire facility is not disrupted during the implementation process. Because of the higher costs, it will take a longer period to realize a payback. In addition, custom

Integrating Internet-based mathematical manipulatives within Essay Example for Free

Integrating Internet-based mathematical manipulatives within Essay Integrating Internet-based Mathematical Manipulatives Within a Learning Environment The article explores the development, use and importance of digital manipulatives in a mathematics classroom. These manipulatives are believed to be more versatile, economic and efficient than either the manufactured or teacher-created concrete objects traditionally used in the classroom. Manipulatives have been used from time immemorial and have provided tangible mental picture of abstract mathematical concepts. The digitalization of these manipulatives is an important progress in this process. However, the presumption that the article makes about the efficacy of manipulatives in teaching children along with the supposed teaching potential of the manipulatives is doubtful and smells of commercial publicity. There are several advantages that manipulatives are purported to provide. They concretize theoretical ideas, make the study concrete, build confidence in the learner, help solve problems and make the learning experience interesting. What the paper presupposes is that only the using of digital manipulatives is sufficient to bring each of these advantages. This is not supported by evidence. Let us consider the claim that manipulatives build confidence, if a section of the students is less familiar with web based technology than other students in the class, they are likely to lose confidence-using manipulatives. This may adversely affect their learning of math concepts and unnecessarily handicap them. The paper places some conditions that must be fulfilled to realize the full potential of manipulatives. For instance the parents must experience the system, manipulatives should be used for writing assignment, teacher pronounces the benefits to the students, ground rules are established and students are encouraged to explore more material on the web. If manipulatives are used as prescribed they can improve the understanding of more complex and more advanced math theories. These conditions are impractical. What happens if the parents are unfamiliar with the web? Does it put their children at a disadvantage? A teacher pronounces the benefits of manipulatives to children. This is a straw man. If a teacher uses manipulatives she automatically supports the method, there is no need to sermonize it. A child being encouraged to explore more material on the web is an issue that is not related directly to manipulatives. This opens up a host of debatable issues including the exposure of children to unsuitable material. Digital manipulatives can be downloaded and installed on school computers or distributed to children on CDs to be viewed in their homes. The issue of encouraging children to explore the web is not directly related to manipulatives. Further there is no teacher to guide the children in case of glitches. See what the instructions of a manipulative say. (Public Broadcasting Service, 2006). Familiarize yourself with the rules of this fraction game and have fun creating flag designs with the designated fractions. You can choose to paint by half, quarters, and combinations of quarters and halves and then the program will pick colors for you to paint your design by clicking in the flag. One drawback is that there is no help provided if the fraction portions are incorrect, you can only advance if you have painted to correct fractions. A research that comprised of a survey tested the proficiency development potential of manipulatives in math teaching. The basics tested in the survey were motivation, unique instructional capabilities, and support for new instructional approaches, increased teacher productivity and skills for an information age. Eleven teachers were surveyed using a five-point scale. The results were mixed. The results showed that the teachers felt that the use of digital manipulatives had a high positive impact on motivation, that the digital manipulatives had exceptional instructional capabilities, that the web based manipulatives supported new instructional approaches and that the web based manipulatives provided excellent training for an information age. What the teachers did not agree was that the web-based technology increased their productivity. In addition, the teacher showed apprehension about some issues like their inability to track the progress of the student, tricky web sites, ambiguous instructions and lack of direct feedback. This research is not valid. It does not clarify which constructs it attempts to measure. It does not give the process by which it selected the five variables. In addition, the sample size of eleven teachers is too small to reach any meaningful conclusion. Again, the study does not mention basis or the criteria for the selection of the eleven teachers. The study does not give us the details of how the survey scale was constructed. Was there a pilot test? It seems not. The direct conclusion of the research was that virtual manipulatives encouraged student-oriented erudition. The study assumed that the responses of the 11 teachers were indicative of the affect of the digital manipulatives on children. This is questionable. The background of the teachers is not given. Which type of schools they taught in? What physical manipulatives were the teachers using currently? The teachers were ambivalent as to whether digital manipulatives were better than concrete manipulatives and whether teachers were willing to replace concrete manipulatives entirely with digital manipulatives. The teachers have expressed reservations about their inability to track the progress of the student, ambiguous instructions and lack of feedback. If these concerns are addressed satisfactorily it is doubtful if digital manipulatives will remain student centric. In addition, the paper does not define what it means by ‘student centric’. Currently the digital manipulatives that are available on the net offer innovative, interesting and concrete learning opportunities of otherwise nonrepresentational math theories. The end result is that children manage to learn math concepts that were earlier believed to be too advanced for them. These are believed to increase theoretical learning, deeper understanding of dynamic systems, calculation, communication and innovation in thinking. The paper presupposes that the use of the new technology alone is sufficient for enhanced learning of complicated theories. This is not supported by evidence. The learning experience is a function of the power of understanding of the student, the effort he puts in to comprehend and his analytical skills. In addition, learning is facilitated by teacher inputs and guidance. Digital manipulatives cannot replace teacher inputs nor can they substitute student aptitude and effort. Attributing learning achievements to a learning tool is a lopsided opinion inspired by the sales propaganda of digital manipulatives software developers. In sum, the paper eulogizes the benefits of web-based manipulatives for math learning. These manipulatives are claimed to increase children’s understanding of advanced theories and increase the attractiveness of these theories. These web-based manipulatives are declared to focus on the learner and make an optimal use of web-based technology for visualizing intangible concepts. References: Public Broadcasting Service (2006). PBS Teacher Source: Fraction Flags. Retrieved from http://www. pbs. org/teachersource/recommended/math/lk_onlinegames. shtm on August 19, 2006.

Securities And Investment Fraud Criminology Essay

Securities And Investment Fraud Criminology Essay It has been a long time since financial crime has been identified and the body of research in this type of issue has been growing rapidly. Today this research provide covers a wide range of topic ranging from financial studies to social implication of the study as well as to research to prevention and best practices that may help to stop this fast growing issue. This chapter will provide an overview of the impact of financial crime, the steps used to address this problem and briefly assess the theories of about financial crime in the world. Definition and types of financial crimes There is no broad concensus on the meaning of financial crime but it can be understood that it is any type of illegal activity that result in an economic loss.Financial crimes, sometimes defined to as white collar crimes, are nonviolent criminal acts comitted to gaine illegal monetary. According to the United Nation Office on Drug and Crime (UNODC) financial crime can be viewed as any non-violent crime that results in a financial loss which includes computer crime and dishonest practices. Financial crimes is a critical issue and it has likely devastating economic, security and social impact. It encourages drug dealers, terrorists, illegal arm dealer, corrupt public officials and others to operate and expand their criminal enterprises.According to Petter Gottschalk, (2010), financial crime can be categoried in corruption, fraud, theft and manipulation . There are different types of financial crime. These types are as follows: Money Laundering According to Jeffrey Simser, (2006), money laundering can be defined as a technique designed to make illicit acquisitive gains appear legitimate, usually by disguising the propertys illegal provenance. In other words, perpetrators are trying to cover-up the monetary sources obtained from illegal transactions so that it look like it was acquired from legal sources. Commonly, according to (Schneider, 2004; Cassella, 2004), money laundering has been described as a cycle taking place in three different stages. Firstly, Placement, the stage at which illegal funds are introduced in the financial system mainly deposited in a bank account.Layering, the stage of the process in which the property is moved around from bank to bank and its ownership and source is covered-up in order to keep it away from its illicit source and the final stage at which the property is re-introduced into the legitimate economy. Embezzlement According to williams (2006), embezzlement can be defined as the dishonest appropriation to personal use or benefit of property or money entrusted by another. The actor first comes into possession of the property with the permission of the owner. Embezzlement can often occur between trusted friends or even relatives, but also occurs in simple businesses as well. Conscientious examination of financial records by the fund owner can help reveal signs of embezzlement, such as missing funds, duplicated checks, or accounting errors. Credit card fraud Pickett and Pickett (2002) suggested that credit card fraud is the use of stolen credit card details to get access to the goods or services in the name of the cardholder. Sometimes a brand new credit card is falsified using known details. Cards can be stolen or details obtained from files that are not properly safe. Securities and investment fraud Securities fraud is a type of financial crime that is involved in illegal manipulation of values of financial market. It includes insider trading, preferential rates, and misrepresentation of value. The types of misrepresentation implicated in this crime include providing false information and giving bad advice. Insider trading occurs when a person reveals information about an investment then uses the information to buy or sell shares with a business. Preferential rates and misrepresentation both implicate inflating or deflating the value of stocks in order to manipulate the market. Investment Property is the Property sold as a certified investment with high returns. The victim is influenced to buy investment property with a property management firm that will deal all the loan documents. The victim reassured and told that he or she has to do nothing other than be the buyer and borrower. Then the victim finds that the property was increased in value,no loan payments have ever been done, and any collected rents have been stolen as well. Identity theft and Phising Laundon and Laudon (2010) defines identity theft as a crime in which a pretender gets personal information, such as social security identification numbers, drivers license numbers, or credit card, name, address, drivers license, date of birth, Social Security number, account information, account login credentials, or family identifiers to pretend to be someone else. According to Higgins et al., (2008), iIdentity theft is the illegal use of anothers personal identifying information.It implicate financial or other personal information stolen with the intention of to be someone else. Phishing is defined as the technology or social engineering used to attract victims to reveal their personal information such as account numbers, login IDs, passwords, and other confirmable information that can then be exploited for illicit purposes, including identity theft. Phishing is most often commited through mass emails and spoofed websites. Counterfeiting Counterfeiting is a pernicious crime as it corrupts the monetary system. Counterfeiting implaicates the use of fake money, such as manufacturing falsely bills and coins with a more valuable version. Therefore, counterfeiting can break up the flow of inflation and deflation by adding more falsely money into a controlled system and also threaten global security, as these activities are sometimes committed by terrorists and other dangerous criminals to finance their activities or disguise their profits (Interpol, 2009). Mail Fraud Internet sales or online auction fraud The perpetrator agrees to buy an item available for sale on the Internet or in an online auction. The seller is told that he or she will be sent an official check (e.g., cashiers check) via overnight mail. When the check arrives, it is several hundred or thousand dollars more than the agreed-upon selling price. The seller is instructed to deposit the check and refund the overpayment. The official check is subsequently returned as a counterfeit but the refund has already been sent. The seller is left with a loss, potentially of both the merchandise and the refund. Bank Fraud This is criminal acts committed in connection with bankruptcy or liquidation proceedings. A person filing for bankruptcy or a business that has gone into liquidation can hide assets after proceedings have been initiated, thereby preventing creditors from collecting their claims. However, most of the criminal acts are typically committed before bankruptcy/liquidation proceedings are initiated, e.g. the debtor has failed to keep accounts or has unlawfully withdrawn money from the business (Økokrim, 2008). Bribery and corruption THEORIES ON FINANCIAL CRIME : WHAT ARE THE FACTORS INFLUENCING FINANCIAL CRIME? A theory is a forecasting or justification of a fact. According to Petter Gottschalk, (2010), the body of research of financial crime is divided into three branches: Behavioral theories According to Hansen (2009), distinction can be made between economic, business, and elite crimes. Participants employed in reputed financial institutions commit most of such crimes. Employees for their own benefits instead of for the business benefits, commit occupational or greatest crime. Hansen (2009) suggested that people commit crime because of low self-control. Duffield and Grabsky (2001) describe some of the key motivational and psychological factors that lead to financial crime. They stated that fraud can be explained by three factors: 1) An increased in motivated criminals, 2) The availability of suitable funds, and 3) The absence of security. As Nettler noticed the intensity of desire and the perception of opportunity are personality variables. The balance between desire and opportunity moves. Temptation to steal fluctuates with individual temperament and situation (Nettler 1974, p.75).Motivation is, therefore, a combination of an individuals personality and the opportunity which they get. Fraud is mainly committed by motivated and determined organized participants for the only reason; financial benefits Greed Fraud is executed by motivated groups of organised actors determined only for financial profit. According to the Drugs and Crime Prevention Committee of Victoria,an increase in recent years of organised criminals in illicit and suspicious activity implicate mostly external attacks on banks, superannuation funds and business. Duffield Grabosky (2001) noted that greed lies at the heart of much dishonest activity in the society. Emerging Trends in ones lifestyle People are convince to have recourse to financial crime due to the changes in financial condition that exceed their control. Unfortunately some are capitulated to commit illicit act to maintain a good standard of living. Financial Strain Financial strain caused by gambling problem is an area of concern (Duffield Grabosky 2001). The cost of suspicious drugs contributes also to financial stress on individuals who take part in them therefore they are tempted to commit crime in order to get money. According to the Drug and Crime Prevention of Victoria, relationship or marital breakdowns causes, both financial and emotional stress which can represent a sudden decrease in the standard of living of an indvidual together with a feeling of powerlessness and resentment, ones can have recourse to financial crime in order to earn a good living. Power Duffield and Grabosky (2001) noted the desire some people have for power over others and over situations. In other words, the feeling of power over individual appears to be a determined force to perform illicit act by taking advantage on weak people. Misunderstandings Poor communication can arise some form of dishonesty. According to Neville (2000), complaints have been made each year in Victoria against sollicitors for misappropriation of assets or income that concern poor communication between practitioners and their clients. Practitioners may be found guilty for not following the standard of conduct. Organizational theories A financial crime often takes place in form of an organized crime. According to Petter Gottschalk (2010), criminal organization acts as a monopolistic firm, and the theory of monopoly is used to estimate organized crimes. In organized crime, Shvarts (2001) suggests that rational choice theory can explain the rise of the Russian Mafia that is because of low income and financial difficulties allied with an exploiting police force, they had any choice to have recourse to crime to afford their standard of living. Rational choice theory states that people commit crimes after acknowledging the punishment for the crimes, as well as the rewards of completing these acts successfully. Examples of this theory include the bank teller who is experiencing personal financial difficulty and decides to loot funds from the bank in order to increase his standard of living (Lyman and Potter, 2007). Gross (1978) argued in his classical article on the theory of organizational crime that studies of crime, and delinquency have a strong theoretical base. He gave two important theoretical relationships. Firstly, the internal structure and setting of organizations is that in order for the goals to be acheived , the organization will be forced to violate the rules and regulation set in the business. Secondly, the perpetrators will associate with the upward mobility of the organization and likely willing and able to commit crime for the business to attain its goals and to prosper.Bruinsma and Bernasco (2004) used social network theory to explain the differences in social organization between criminal groups that is criminal organization have a network structure which is related to the legal and financial risks associated with the crimes Managerial theories According to Eisenhardt (1985), agency theory is involved with agreeing two problems that can occur in agency relationships. Firstly, the agency problem arises when the desires or goals of the principal and agent disaccord and it is fuzzy and costly for the principal to verify what the agent is doing. Secondly, is the problem of risk sharing that take place when the principal and agent have different risk preferences, goals and do not share profits which occur due to accessibility of new technology. Garoupa (2007) adapted agency theory to criminal organizations. He categorized the criminal firm as a family business with one principal and several agents. Alliance theory is concerned with partnership,often happens in criminal organizations, it reduce the risk of incompetent legal provision. Trust is an important factor in partnerships. Criminal organizations are often based on trust between its members. Governmental Theories Adverse government structures can also be a motivating factor to financial crime. An increased in economic activities together with a weak system in a country including weak government capacity and weak democracy, poor remuneration of public servants, lack of transparency in government institutions and weak rule of law has increased the opportunities for people to have recourse to economic and financial crime .

Mathematical Education: A comparison between Japan and America Essay

Mathematical Education: A comparison between Japan and America The mathematical education provided in the United States has proved to be inferior compared to that of other countries. Specifically the Japanese and other Asian educational systems produce more educated mathematics students than the United States. American children tend to score lower on standardized testing than Asian students do. Many studies have been done by research groups such as the National Center for Education Statistics of the U.S. Department of Education and the International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement showing the differences in teaching methods between the United States and Japan. The teaching styles and the cultural differences can account for the gap in performance. One of the most famous studies of its kind is called Pursuing Excellence, the Third International Mathematics and Science Study. This study was conducted in 1995. The Mathematical knowledge of half a million students from forty-one countries was tested. Of these countries, the test shows that American students performed below average in mathematics. During the same research project, classrooms in America, Germany and Japan were videotaped and analyzed. (1) When the curriculums in various countries were reviewed, researchers consistently found that American teachers spend a small amount of time on many topics where as other countries focus on fewer topics with more depth of topic and more repetition. Another variation is that American teachers, for the most part, have received more formal education than Japanese teachers, but have less classroom training and experience. Japan has a much higher focus on teaching quality than the United States. Most of t... ...needed to solve the problem at hand. Japanese teachers provide their students with the knowledge they need and the ability to think so that they can apply this knowledge in various situations. For this reason, Japanese students have been able to perform better in studies than American students can. Bibliography "Inside Scoop: a worthwhile international comparison." National Education Association of the United States. 1997. (website- address unknown) Ibid "Understanding and Improving Classroom Mathematics Instruction: an overview of the TIMSS video study." Phi Delta Kappa Inc. 1997. (website- address unknown) Ibid Steffe, Leslie, Nesher, Pearia, Cobb, Paul, Goldein, Gerald, Greer, Brian. Theories of Mathematical Learning. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers, 1996. P. 6. Ibid, p. 6-7. Peer reviewed by Melissa Lenzi and Helen Hunt

An Analytical Comparison of “I Hear America Singing” and “I, Too”

An Analytical Comparison of â€Å"I Hear America Singing† and â€Å"I, Too† Born ten years after the death of Walt Whitman, there was no possible way for Langston Hughes to ever meet or communication with Whitman, but that did not mean Hughes could not establish a connection to him, or at least his work. In 1925, Hughes wrote a poem titled â€Å"I, Too† was inspired by and directed in response to the poem â€Å"I Hear America Singing†, which was composed by Whitman much earlier. Whitman’s poem consisted of a variety of different American laborers who â€Å"sing† as they do their jobs.This well-known poem never specifically addresses the ethnicity of these singing laborers of the American population, but Hughes sets about to rectify that omission. Walt Whitman is sometimes considered a pioneer of free verse and non-esoteric subject matter with focus on the working-class using realistic imagery. Whitman’s poem â€Å"I Hear America Singi ng† demonstrates no end rhyme, but we hear a sense of melody in his repetitions and rhythm in the length of his lines that substitutes for the pattern we would expect to perceive in conventional poetry.Though beyond that we can tell that the tone of the poem is muscular, its beat vibrant, and its mood proud. Each tradesman in the poem performs his labor with the same pride and triumph that one might hear from a singer. There is no promotion of importance attached to the jobs performed or the performers who carry out those jobs. In the end of the poem he mentions the inclusion of female voice with â€Å"delicious singing† (10) along with â€Å"the young wife at work, or of the girl sewing or washing† (10-11).With attention to include both sexes, Whitman seems to be taking in all aspects of America’s working class, but it has been drawn out many times that this poem does not specifically detail African-Americans as part of the cluster. It is this detail that Hughes believed should have been incorporated and led to his follow-up poem, â€Å"I, Too†. As Langston Hughes was going up, African-Americans were not accepted and were discriminated against; separated from using the same facilities and being in the same place as Caucasians, just to name a few.The division between whites and blacks was clearly prevalent and the United States of America was a racially discriminatory society reinforced by its racist laws. Hughes took the initiative to speak his mind via poetry, resulting in his piece â€Å"I, Too†. In this poem, Hughes clearly signifies one thing: Just because his skin color is different from whites, does not mean that they get to sing the National Anthem louder. Arguing that all American citizens are the same, disregarding their skin color, Hughes applies in this poem a master-slave relationship.The assumed white master shows disrespect to his servant by sending him away whenever visitors come over, because he is orde red to eat secluded from the company. However he seems to not be faze by this and actually finds it funny, supported by â€Å"But I laugh† (5). Furthermore, not only does he find amusement in this unpleasant situation, but the isolation has a positive effect on him â€Å"And grow strong† (7), implying that even though he submits to his master, his spirit will not be diminished.In every line of â€Å"I Hear America Singing†, the word â€Å"singing† appears to help emphasize and describe the melody of the working American citizens, yet there is no song in particular. Perhaps they are singing the National Anthem? America’s people doing American jobs all united by an unidentified melody that shrouds them all. It would seem a bit peculiar for Whitman to exclude African-Americans.The people in Whitman’s poem are common folk without individual names or true identities, but they are all idealized as each one finds joy in the dignity of his or her la boring task. The heart of Hughes’s poem demonstrates the strength of a black slave who stands up for what is right and says enough is enough. Though it is meant to be a response to â€Å"I Hear America Singing†, it feels as though â€Å"I, Too† misses the message of Whitman’s work and perhaps Hughes was only too troubled by segregation to understand.